Tina Stowell Associates
  • 13

    Speech to the VLV Spring Conference 2023

    May 13th, 2023 | no comments | Posted in Uncategorized

    “Why the BBC needs to make the case for its future & who it needs to convince”

    Today, I would like to spend some time talking about the future of the BBC. 

    Why we might want it to exist in a world full of choice. 

    And the dangers to its future if the BBC itself doesn’t define its role for a modern world and address the major strategic challenges it faces. 

    Overview

    The majority of people would agree that the BBC plays an important part in our national life. It has been there for a hundred years to provide trusted news, educational content, and entertainment that is admired across the world, and we wouldn’t want to see it go.

    But is that reason enough to maintain our ongoing loyalty? 

    For some, it’s rhetorical to ask: why would we not want such a precious public asset to continue doing the same in the century ahead?    

    For others, it’s perfectly reasonable to respond: but why should we, in this era of never-ending choice of media players who provide very similar services?

    Just this last 12 months, the BBC’s coverage of the late Queen’s Platinum Jubilee, followed by her funeral and the King’s coronation last weekend, have demonstrated the BBC’s role in bringing us together at times of national celebration and contemplation. 

    But Royal events don’t usually happen that frequently, and the BBC isn’t the only place for us to view them, or tune in for other major national occasions.   

    It’s worth reflecting that the institution of monarchy, which has been around far longer than the BBC, offers some interesting parallels when it comes to questions the BBC must wrestle with.  Only last Saturday, we watched as the King sought, in my view successfully, to preserve the traditions and symbols of monarchy by representing their enduring values of unity and stability to a modern, multi-faith nation.     

    When my Committee conducted our recent inquiry, it was clear that – at its best – the BBC is both a feature and a reflection of our national identity. Some people describe it as a ‘national glue’, which binds the nation together irrespective of our political affiliations or personal differences. The experiences of the US offer a stark reminder of what can happen when the media environment, and trust in news, splinters along political divides.

    Whilst the BBC might be one of the best defences we currently have against the same happening in the UK, it’s not as robust a defence as we need it to be – and the BBC must take responsibility for that vulnerability. 

    The real threat it faces really does not come from politicians.  Although I admit, they don’t always help – they don’t represent the biggest danger.

    Challenges

    So let me turn to what does. 

    Audience habits are changing. People have unprecedented amounts of choice now about where, when and how they consume entertainment and news.

    More and more people are looking at what the BBC has to offer, how it represents them and their perspective – and choosing to go elsewhere.

    The facts speak for themselves.  The traditional broadcasters’ share of UK viewing fell from 97% in 2010 to 70% in 2021, and this downward trend is continuing – with predictions that it will fall to 50% within five years. To be blunt, the BBC can’t keep defying gravity.

    The future looks challenging, and every day that goes by demonstrates that the BBC is facing trouble ahead.

    That’s why the BBC itself must be clearer about what it’s for. In an age of endless competition for people’s time and attention, it needs to have a more compelling vision for its future.

    Last year Tim Davie – and I’m a big supporter – said the BBC’s future lies in it being the only global all-digital public service broadcaster.   

    That’s certainly a bold ambition – but it can’t be a means without end.  And importantly, if it’s to retain national loyalty, the BBC should aim to be the pre-eminent domestic broadcaster with international appeal – not hope to be a global player which maintains domestic audience appeal. 

    A distinctive BBC within a domestic market dominated by global players will be critical to its future – and whether people are willing to pay for it. But previous attempts to map out distinctive territory have not always been convincing.

    Talking about high-quality unique content is tricky, for example, because some of what makes the BBC unique is not necessarily high quality, and what it does that is high quality is not always unique.

    It’s also getting both harder (as more players provide ever more content), and more expensive (as prices rise and inflation bites).  

    This is a serious problem because, if the uniqueness is the way the BBC is funded, what is left of its distinctiveness once the licence fee diminishes in importance or disappears altogether?

    In short, the BBC cannot be all things to all people, and meeting its objective to be distinctive is getting progressively harder. At some point the BBC will need to come out with a bold, ambitious strategy that says what it’s going to do more of, what it’s going to stop doing, and what its strategic driving purpose is that will command people’s confidence and support for how it operates in the decades to come.

    This is becoming increasingly urgent in our age of endless choice, rising competition, and declining trust. In my view, this new vision can’t come too soon.  It’s needed well ahead of the next Charter review in 2027, because it should inform decisions about how best to fund the Corporation.  I’ll come back to funding in a moment… 

    Trust and Impartiality

    But first, the BBC must show how it will foster widespread public trust through better understanding and representation of all its audiences.  Because, whilst the BBC understandably promotes how well it is performing across a range of measures when compared to other broadcasters, the picture of its performance in isolation isn’t as good as it needs to be. 

    Trust in BBC News has fallen 20 percentage points in the last five years, from 75% to 55%. And the proportion who say they distrust the BBC has grown from 11% to 26%.

    In my view, the saga around Gary Lineker’s tweets illustrates the complexity of impartiality in today’s world and how it affects people’s trust and confidence in institutions which exist for the benefit of everyone. 

    Maintaining due impartiality and balanced coverage of political parties and their policies remains necessary, but it’s no longer sufficient for an institution whose purpose is to provide the platform for debates to take place. 

    The output and the way the organisation is run should not suggest that the Corporation holds a position or world view which large sections of the public don’t share. 

    The BBC needs to do much better in reflecting all sectors of UK society. Ofcom data show that, in particular, audiences in lower socio-economic groups are persistently underserved and are the least satisfied with the BBC.

    These aren’t just numbers – they are people across the country who feel their national broadcaster is not for them. And if people are not properly represented, they will be even less inclined to pay the licence fee – or any other form of public subsidy – when other alternative news and entertainment providers are available.

    Funding

    When it comes to funding, the BBC needs to be more open and pragmatic about the alternatives. To be clear, the BBC’s distinctiveness should not be associated with the licence fee.

    The licence fee is a means to an end, not an end and justification in itself.

    The stats on the licence fee are not very encouraging – more and more people are questioning its value.  It’s important to understand that straightforward value-for-money arguments do not convince all those who can afford to pay it.  

    Some people say it’s the least-worst option. My committee’s report on this explored a variety of models with an open mind – we looked at full commercialisation through to full state dependency. We did not set out to recommend any individual funding model, but our evidence was clear that some would not work.

    Advertising, for example, is highly unlikely to be viable, leading to a multi-billion pound reduction in the BBC’s income and damaging other public service broadcasters. A pure subscription model likewise would generate insufficient income while facing major technical challenges and creating barriers to access. Funding the BBC by government grant would risk eroding the BBC’s editorial independence.

    But there are other options that deserve proper consideration. For example: a hybrid subscription model—either domestic or international—could work. You could even have some features available for an additional fee.

    Other options include a hypothecated tax; progressive reform of the licence fee itself; or a progressively applied household levy. There are drawbacks to each of course – but the same is true of the licence fee, which as well as looking increasingly outdated, is increasingly regressive. Simply raising it to keep up with competition from international streaming giants would hit the poorest first – which is not politically acceptable.

    The BBC should be leading this debate, not shying away from it.

    My Committee – whose membership includes all the main political parties represented in the Lords, crossbench peers (one of whom is a former DG you’ll be hearing from later today) and a Bishop – proved that the question of how best to fund the BBC is real and should not be a political battle.  Such a political battle will be best avoided by the BBC leaning in to the challenge more publicly at the earliest opportunity.   

    Opportunities

    Tim Davie has already made a start and I welcome that – indeed, I would urge everyone to support him in addressing these challenges I’ve outlined today.

    And there are also events on the horizon that will provide structure and impetus to progress. 

    In the short term, the appointment of a new Chairman must catalyse action around setting the BBC’s future strategy. 

    In the medium term, the Media Bill will address some of the longstanding issues around media regulation, including prominence and regulating the audio sector and smart speakers.

    In the longer term, the looming Charter Review should set a hard deadline for the BBC to digest the multitude of difficulties it faces, and implement a workable and compelling plan to safeguard its future in the years ahead.

    Conclusion

    But critically, and most urgently, the BBC needs to outline what its future role should be and its vision for getting there, so we can all judge whether the institution can command our ongoing support. 

    Because relying on a Reithian heritage and a record of past achievements, when the world has changed so much, will not be enough to generate public confidence in the decades ahead.

    For national institutions such as the BBC to retain support, we need to see clearly why it remains relevant and what value it creates for our individual and collective benefit that new or emerging international organisations won’t or can’t.

    I am confident that there is a positive and compelling case to be made – and I really do want to hear it. 

    But laying it out is not a job for politicians. 

    Setting out the case for its future is the responsibility of the BBC. 

    ENDS. 

  • 26

    Charity Commission Speeches

    February 26th, 2021 | no comments | Posted in Uncategorized

    From March 2018 until February 2021, during my time as Chair of the Charity Commission, I made several speeches. The full text of each is available on the Charity Commission’s gov.uk website, via the links below.

    4th February 2021: Social Market Foundation https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/charity-its-unifying-force-is-needed-more-than-ever-yet-its-at-risk-like-never-before

    8th October 2020: Charity Law Association Annual Conference https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/chairs-speech-to-the-charity-law-association-annual-conference-2020

    1st October 2020: Commission’s Annual Public Meeting, Liverpool https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/chairs-speech-to-the-charity-commission-annual-public-meeting-2020

    12th December 2019: Association of Women Chairs & CEOs of Charity https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/charity-can-and-should-lead-the-way-in-taking-peoples-expectations-seriously

    3rd October 2019: Commission’s Annual Public Meeting, Bristol https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/baroness-tina-stowell-speech-at-annual-public-meeting

    30th May 2019: Charity2020 Lunch https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/the-future-for-charities-cant-be-guaranteed-if-todays-challenges-are-not-met

    5th March 2019: Commission’s Annual Public Meeting, Manchester https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/chairs-speech-to-the-charity-commission-annual-public-meeting

    7th December 2018: NAVCA Annual Conference https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/baroness-stowells-speech-at-the-nacva-annual-conference-2018

    24th October 2018: UK Community Foundations Symposium https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/charities-and-the-power-of-place-the-commissions-new-strategy-and-what-it-means-for-community-foundations

    5th October 2018: Launch of the Charity Commission’s New Strategy https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/baroness-stowell-the-future-of-charity

    16th April 2018: NCVO Annual Conference https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/new-chair-of-charity-commission-gives-first-major-speech

    5th March 2018: Safeguarding Summit for International Aid Charities https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/baroness-stowells-speech-at-safeguarding-summit

  • 21

    Missions, ministers and money

    January 21st, 2018 | no comments | Posted in Uncategorized

    In the autumn of 2017 I gave a long interview to the Institute for Government for their series “Ministers Reflect”.  I talked at length about my time as a Minister in Government – from a junior whip right through to a member of the Cabinet and Leader of the House of Lords.  I spoke in particular about Whitehall’s relationship with Parliament and how we can legislate better.   And I also talked about some of my experiences as a Civil Servant (from the mid-80s to mid-90s) and the differences I found in the Service when I returned to Whitehall as a Minister.

    You can read the interview in full on the Institute for Government’s site on their special Ministers Reflect section.

    This interview in the Sunday Times for their regular ‘Fame and Fortune’ feature in the Money Section (which appeared in the paper on 31st December 2017) covers my attitude towards money, and what I learned about how to manage it when growing up.

  • 10

    Tough on Brexit, Tough on the Causes of Brexit – we have to do both

    December 10th, 2017 | no comments | Posted in Uncategorized

    I was delighted to accept an invitation from Nottingham University’s Centre for British Politics to wrap-up their 2017 series, How Britain got hung: Exploring the 2017 General Election, Brexit and beyond. Below is the text of my talk, which I gave on Friday 8th December 2017 in the Portland Building on the main campus.

    Well, today’s early morning agreement between the UK and the EU on stage one of the Brexit negotiations is an important moment – and marks a turnaround for Theresa May. The detailed shenanigans of the last few days have been hard for most people to keep pace with and follow. But what won’t have gone unnoticed is her determination and effort to make progress in honouring the voters’ majority decision to Brexit. I often say that voters don’t hear what politicians say, but they do notice what they do. Today is a classic example of that.

    I’m billed to talk about the House of Lords and how it will shape the outcome of Brexit. And I promise I will. But I first want to step back and talk about the social divides that Brexit exposed. Because bridging them and tackling the causes of Brexit is being lost in the debate over the kind of Brexit we negotiate.

    Saying that, last week I was pleased when Alan Milburn, the chair of the Social Mobility Commission, published his latest report and said it showed the causes of Brexit are real and that the government needed to be tough not just on negotiating the terms of Brexit, but on the causes of Brexit too. His report identified that 60 of the 65 areas most in need of social mobility had voted to leave the EU.

    To me this proved what I had long believed, that we can’t tackle the causes of Brexit without delivering Brexit, and vice-versa.

    So I was surprised and disappointed when only a couple of days later Alan Milburn resigned his post explaining it was because this Government lacks “bandwidth” to tackle the causes of Brexit whilst they are so tied up negotiating the terms.

    It would have been so much more powerful if instead he had stayed to argue against those who seek to isolate Brexit and to campaign for as much change as possible to right the wrongs his reports have uncovered – with the aim of establishing a new kind of “certainty” that has the confidence of ordinary people as well as big business.

    As he didn’t, I’ll return later in more detail to what I think moderate politicians like him, determined to address the causes of Brexit, need to do differently. But first, I’m going to re-tread the steps taken by Theresa May when she became Prime Minister in June 2016.

    I should say that, as one of the Cabinet ministers who didn’t survive Theresa May’s first reshuffle on her arrival at Number 10, I’m not beholden to her. But I was nonetheless impressed when, in my mind, she threw a rope ladder across ‘the chasm’ which the referendum had exposed and edged her way over to the voters on the other side. Her speech on the steps of Number 10 showed she understood why so many injustices had caused Brexit, and that she would leave the comfort of the ‘elite’ side of the chasm in order to fix the problems of the people situated on the other side.

    But once she got there, instead of building a stronger bridge for other political and business elites to follow her across, she whipped the rope ladder up from behind and insulted them with her “citizens of nowhere” jibe.

    To be fair to Theresa May, I think she had to be dramatic in demonstrating to voters (regardless of whether they’d voted leave or remain) that they were right in wanting things to change. Joining ‘their side’ (regardless of whether or who they’d voted for in the past) was essential to gaining their confidence that she could be trusted to handle the difficult and complicated decisions if things really were going to change.

    So I assumed – as presumably she did too – that at least some people in positions of power on the ‘elite side’ would understand that they needed to do the same and would find their own way of crossing the chasm to the ‘other side’.

    When they didn’t and it became evident some would take every opportunity to disrupt Brexit (eg the Supreme Court case; the battles over the Article 50 Bill), Theresa May called a General Election.

    Obviously that back-fired, badly.

    Having gained the confidence of voters and so much personal support by that stage Theresa May could afford to be big and bold. But instead of an election, with hindsight I think at that point she should have thrown her arms open wide and in the national interest called on politicians from all parties, public figures and big business leaders to join her in forming some kind of “change-movement” to deliver Brexit and a new order to address the causes of it.

    Anyway, that didn’t happen and once the General Election campaign got under way, Theresa May and the Conservatives appeared to forget that for voters Brexit was and always will be less about Europe and more of a means to change. It’s hard to find anything positive to say about the Conservative campaign. And the day that Theresa May declared “nothing has changed” was totemic and fatal.

    The young, highly-educated voters were taking Jeremy Corbyn seriously long before that point. But Theresa May’s ‘continuity campaign’ alongside Corbyn’s radical and revolutionary programme for change made him interesting to some people who hadn’t taken him seriously before.

    In the end, the general election became about ‘change’ to the voters for whom it was meant to be about Brexit, and it became about Brexit to those for whom it should have been about stability.

    The result – in addition to a hung Parliament – is an even bigger chasm between ‘them’ and ‘us’ and new fractures emerging all over the place.

    So now what?

    Well frustratingly, still too few ‘elites’ have followed Theresa May across that chasm. I genuinely struggle to think of any big names. And even those who are campaigning tirelessly on important injustices – such as Andrew Adonis on vice-chancellor salaries – are diminishing their efforts by not conceding and moving on from the referendum result.

    Maybe they’ll do enough good work that eventually their refusal to accept Brexit won’t matter, but time is running out. Because doing good is not good enough. Us moderates (or centrists if you prefer) need to find ways of expressing where and how we have previously gone wrong. And continuing to debate the outcome of the Referendum which was decided by voters is – metaphorically or literally – evidence to voters of the unwillingness of elites to do that.

    For politicians and big business leaders the reality is that the terms of Brexit remain their priority. They are locked in a battle to preserve as much of the status quo as they can. Some do so for well-intentioned reasons. But the longer they focus on the ‘terms’ without addressing the ‘causes’, the more that voters believe ‘elites’ are battling with ‘them’ for control and that nothing will change whether or not we leave the EU.

    Most ‘ordinary’ voters have put the arguments of Leave and Remain behind them and they certainly don’t divide themselves in that way. Many have also dispensed with what political-party allegiance they had in the past. This week Ipsos Mori published some voter segmentation which is interesting for understanding the different groups who can be found on the ‘ordinary’ voter side of the chasm.

    Rather than complicate things too much though, I’m going to stick with two distinct groups of voters who feel equally distant and cut-off from the political and business elite and are looking for things to change:

    The highly-educated younger people who don’t like what many elites stand for (which to them seems to be money and profit above everything), and who want to challenge intellectually the economic and political theories the current elites espouse. At the same time, they also feel alienated from their older, less-well-educated neighbours whose social attitudes they consider retrograde.

    And the non-graduates who also tend to be older and have battled through some difficult circumstances over several decades to achieve their version of success. Amongst this group you might find skilled tradesmen, small business owners, middle-managers, supervisors, factory workers, call-centre operators. They feel their experience is ignored, their hard work goes unnoticed, and the kind of attitudes and standards that allowed them to achieve their own successes have become diminished by the elites and now hold little currency for their younger neighbours.

    If there’s one thing I would love to achieve is a greater bond and appreciation between these two groups. I think they share more than they realise. And the last thing anyone should do is try and pitch them against each other.

    Indeed, we need a political leader who can successfully unite those two groups – because doing so is essential to creating a better, more equal future.

    But how? Well, they’ll have to do three very big things:

    (a) First, and with the help of many more elites, they need to create a more accountable version of capitalism so it spreads the proceeds of growth more widely. That doesn’t mean us all becoming poorer or introducing some version of socialism. I think a changed approach to capitalism has the potential to create even more wealth because it means using all of our talents. But it will mean the elite giving up some of their power and advantage. They will have, metaphorically, to cross the chasm to listen to and learn from the people there and work out with them what needs to change so everyone’s efforts are purpose-driven and rewarded more fairly.

    (b) Second, shifting vested and entrenched interests on some sacred cows such as planning policy, how we fund expensive services such as social care, and our learning and education requirements in this modern world. In other words, alongside creating a more accountable and fairer version of capitalism, supporting people to accept difficult changes in order for important services to be sustained and social needs to be met.

    (c) And third, articulate and live by a set of standards of behaviour which are common to everyone – and I mean everyone. One of the things I think we need more than anything else is a shared understanding of what doing the right thing means and confidence in one another that – regardless of our personal status – we’ll always back the people who do right and sanction the people who do wrong. [CapX published an article by me on this topic recently if you’d like to read more.]

    So finally, I think this might be the moment for me to talk about the House of Lords and offer my views on what its role should be in shaping the outcome of Brexit.

    First and foremost the House of Lords must honour the referendum decision.

    Of course exiting the EU is complicated, the Government alone can’t and won’t get everything right and both Houses of Parliament have a legitimate role in scrutinising, debating and influencing the terms of the exit deal. But MPs and peers have to understand that the way they behave in this process is fundamental to what happens once we do leave the EU.

    I fear that members of the House of Lords who have been open about their intent to derail Brexit have undermined some public confidence in the second chamber’s important scrutiny role on Brexit legislation. For me – and because of that – I think it’s important that MPs are exhaustive in their scrutiny of the Repeal Bill before it leaves the Commons and reaches the House of Lords. In other words, I want MPs to be clear that the form in which the Repeal Bill leaves the elected House is the form it should remain.

    If that does happen it wouldn’t prevent peers scrutinising, debating and raising any legitimate concerns about the Repeal Bill. And if there is consensus for amendments arising from debate that should not present a problem. But it would be concerning if the House of Lords adopts an aggressive approach – even for just one round of ping-pong.

    In normal circumstances I wouldn’t argue against the House of Lords amending a bill and asking the Commons to think again if peers believed MPs had got it wrong. But Brexit is different: it is a democratic decision made by voters and I would ask again that we don’t allow the causes and the divides it exposed to get lost.

    More generally – but as part of the wider change agenda which I associate with Brexit –the House of Lords needs to continue its programme of incremental reforms, which in recent years have included the facility for peers to leave the House permanently and a stronger disciplinary regime.
    Beyond that I believe the House of Lords also needs to reverse the trend for peers to be political in their motives and behaviours – which too often, makes the House of Lords indistinguishable from the House of Commons.

    Frequently peers are locked in a battle to win, with opposition parties frustrating the will of the elected Government because they can; and the Government so focused on getting their legislative programme through at all costs they’re struggling to discern when to stop and listen.

    In an era where people want and need more honest, frank debate from a Parliament motivated to get the best outcomes regardless of party politics – the House of Lords could be a shining beacon. But if the Lords increasingly displays the same vices as the Commons without the virtues of being elected it could eventually self-destruct. And that would be a real loss.

    I’ll conclude now so we have time for questions. But my main message today is that the people of our country have rejected the status quo. Some of them expressed their verdict at the referendum and some at the general election. Either way, their message is clear: they want things to change.

    Political and business leaders have a choice. We either embrace change at some short-term cost to ourselves so we can create a future which is better for everyone. Or we try and retain the status quo and have a version of change forced on us which might not be better and could be a lot worse than what we have now.

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

  • 2

    Needed: More Graduates Who Are Proud To Be British

    December 2nd, 2017 | no comments | Posted in Uncategorized

    I was invited to contribute an article to the Michaelmas edition of Blueprint, the Oxford University Conservative Association magazine. I decided to reprise the case I made for Patriotism when I participated in a debate at the Oxford Union. Below is my article.







  • 17

    Generational Divides….

    November 17th, 2017 | no comments | Posted in Uncategorized

    There was a debate in the House of Lords about inter-generational fairness on 26th October. This link takes you to my contribution. I concentrated on working-class older people, why they feel misunderstood and are being criticised unfairly.

    The following day, during the debate on Lord (Chris) Holmes’ Private Members’ bill to ban unpaid work experience (beyond 4 weeks), I spoke about the way too many of our young people are being exploited when trying to find paid work and why I supported his bill. I also made the point that younger people feel misunderstood by the generation just ahead of them, whose experiences were different to their own. This is my speech.

    The last thing we should do is pitch older and younger people against each other. In fact, I think there is quite a lot which unites these two demographics.

  • 17

    Arrogance Is Our Biggest Enemy

    November 17th, 2017 | no comments | Posted in Uncategorized

    This piece by me for CapX, published on 23rd October, focuses in particular on the educational attainment divide exposed by Brexit. It seeks to help those who are highly educated understand better how they’ve caused the divide and what we need to change about our own behaviours if we are to bridge it. The article builds on the themes I raised in my speech in the House of Lords in June 2017.

  • 17

    How We Do Politics Needs to Change

    November 17th, 2017 | no comments | Posted in Uncategorized

    Part of what needs to change if we are to respond properly to the social divides in our society is the way we do politics. This piece by me for Unherd focuses on the Parliamentary process. It was published on 11th October 2017.

  • 26

    Sincere Public Servants Gain Public Trust

    July 26th, 2017 | no comments | Posted in Uncategorized

    In this piece for Huffington Post (19th July 2017), my point is that political and business leaders who want more flexibility to get the best Brexit deal have got to work even harder to build public confidence.

    When I argue in favour of politicians and business leaders becoming more like public servants, what I’m saying is that: people are looking for leaders who show they understand the world through their eyes, can translate that understanding into practical solutions, and who deliver on their promises.

    In these times that requires us to stop questioning whether Brexit is right, and instead to start focussing on how and why we got here. The more we do that, and come up with proposals to address the causes of Brexit, the more scope we will have to get the terms right for our exit from the EU.

  • 11

    Status Quo is Not an Option

    July 11th, 2017 | no comments | Posted in Uncategorized

    I wrote a piece for the New Statesman website which they published on 3rd July 2017. The full article (no paywall) is available here.